![]() ![]() Norms set international expectations of acceptable state behavior – yardsticks which the international community can leverage when calling out unscrupulous states.īut norms do not develop out of nothing. This paper is part of a series that argues that the West does have one powerful tool that can help shape hybrid threat actors. ![]() However, with the recent resurgence in Chinese IP theft, can this norm truly be sustained? About the Paper Series This case study examines both questions. It finds that the West has used a variety of tools, from sanctions to indictments to diplomatic agreements, and considers their second-order normative effects. These actions led to a norm that prohibits cyber-enabled IP theft for economic benefits. and China prohibiting such behaviour – but in recent years China has been backsliding on this agreement. What actions are available to Western states to combat the theft of their intellectual property (IP)? Can a norm be sustained prohibiting the cyber-enabled theft of IP? In the past few years, Chinese economic espionage has become a major issue of concern for Western powers. Ultimately, this cumulated in the issuing of the 2015 ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ (MoU) between the U.S. Given these hybrid threats, how should Western states respond? Are there any tools available Western states have that can draw red lines into blurred lines of hybrid conflict? About this Paper Belligerent powers introduce a new model of conflict fought by proxy, across domains, and below the conventional war threshold to advance their foreign policy goals while limiting decisive responsiveness of their victim. Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace (GCSC)Ĭonflicts between states have taken on new forms and hybrid operations play an increasingly important role in this volatile environment.Sustainability and the Energy Transition.Critical Materials, Minerals and Metals.Governance and International Organization.Strategic Stability: Deterrence and Arms Control.Initiative on the Future of Transatlantic Relations. ![]()
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